| Well-equipped travelers: Monarch butterflies and their sun compass machinery – Umass Medical School 1/26/11 |
Steven Reppert, MD is recognized as a pioneer in the effort to understand the monarch butterfly’s spectacular annual mass migration from eastern North America to central Mexico |
 Gender-bending butterflies observed in Yalestudy by Kristofor Husted – Medill Reports 1/14/11 |
If you’re a male butterfly looking to mate, locate the females raised in cooler temperatures and you can sit back and let them woo you. Yale University researchers identified this gender reversal behavior in a strain of the Bicyclus anynana, a butterfly found in Malawi. This is the first species where role reversal has been observed |
| Butterfly Wings Offer Guiding Light for Nanotech Innovation by Mike Martin – TechNewsWorld 1/25/11 |
The Morpho butterfly’s highly evolved wings are so unique that scientists at Simon Fraser University (SFU) have teamed up with NanoTech Security to reproduce their iridescent blue coloring for a new anti-counterfeiting technology. |
| A butterfly predator on cotton mealy bugs by A. Suganthi et al – The Hindu (India) 11/12/09 |
Spalgis epius, commonly called as blue butterflies, feed on diverse unrelated foods such as plants, fungi, lichens, cycads, ferns, conifers, homopterans (mealybugs, scale insects, aphids, etc.) and larvae of ants. |
| CU group sending butterflies to space by Peter Budoff – Daily Camera (Boulder, CO) 11/10/09 |
When the space shuttle Atlantis begins its journey for the International Space Station on Monday, it will have on board two butterfly habitats, which will be part of an experiment conducted by the University of Colorado and K-12 students across the country. |
| £3.2m ($5.4 million) research project to capture brilliance of butterfly wings by Sarah Hoyle – University of Exeter 11/9/09 |
Over the next three years a team of physicists from the University of Exeter and QinetiQ will work together to develop new technologies, based on their discoveries in the field of tailored electromagnetic materials – made by studying the wings of butterflies. |
| Butterfly Shows Speciation Signs by Cynthia Graber – Scientific American 11/9/09 |
A study in the journal Science looks at Heliconius butterflies in Ecuador, in which a single gene change that influences mate choice may be the first step in the splitting of the population into two species. |
| Polymorphic Butterfly Reveals the Missing Link in Ecological Speciation by Nicola L. Chamberlain et al - Science Magazine 11/6/09 |
Ecological speciation occurs when ecologically based, divergent selection causes the evolution of reproductive isolation. |
| Hearing On The Wing: New Structure Discovered In Butterfly Ears – ScienceDaily 10/22/09 |
A clever structure in the ear of a tropical butterfly that potentially makes it able to distinguish between high and low pitch sounds has been discovered by scientists from the University of Bristol. The team believes that the remarkable structure may be associated with the detection of predators, in particular birds. |
| Panama butterfly migrations linked to El Niño, climate change by Beth King – Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 10/5/09 |
“Our long-term study shows that El Niño, a global climate pattern, drives Sulfur butterfly migrations,” said Robert Srygley, former Smithsonian post doctoral fellow who is now a research ecologist at the US Agricultural Research Service, the chief scientific research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. |
| Nebraska man helps butterfly migration by Trisha Schulz – World-Herald News Service 10/4/09 |
From mid-August through October, it’s monarch madness for Eugene Young of Plainview, Neb. Young volunteers as part of the University of Kansas’ Monarch Watch, tagging hundreds of butterflies as the distinctive insects flit through the Midwest on their way to central Mexico to roost for the winter. |
| DaVinci students tag butterflies, tracking their progress on migratory route by Trent Toone – Standard-Examiner (Ogden, Utah) 10/2/09 |
The students, ranging from sophomores to seniors at DaVinci Academy of Science and the Arts, tagged little stickers on the beautiful wings of monarch butterflies, then set them free in hopes that the colorful insects would reach Southern California. The DaVinci students hope students at partnering schools in Southern California will find the tagged butterflies so their migratory progress and data can be tracked and recorded. |
| Lakeshore among 25 most endangered parks by Deborah Sederberg – The News-Dispatch 10/3/09 |
MICHIGAN CITY – A tiny blue butterfly about the size of a quarter may be a local harbinger of the threat of warmer climes to come – or maybe not. |
| NorCal Amusement Park Makes Scientific Discovery by Nancy Chan – CBS13 10/2/09 |
Life is good at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo for at least one of the park’s residents…the blue-banded purple butterfly. The amusement park says at least four of the butterflies have reached the ripe old age of one year. The average age of a butterfly is generally two weeks. |
| Butterfly mystery by BRIAN NEARING – Times Union, Albany, NY 10/1/09 | It’s been 17 years since the tiny Karner blue butterfly, a resident and symbol of rare inland pine barrens in the Capital Region, went on the federal endangered species list. Now, despite years of efforts to save the butterflies, including the creation of a 3,000-acre preserve in Albany County to protect their habitat, their numbers continue to dwindle. |
| Butterfly GPS (Photos, Diagram) Migration Secrets by Gene Byrd – The National Ledger 9/28/09 |
GPS has saved many drivers from getting lost – does a butterfly have a built in GPS system? Scientists have finally located the 24-hour clock that guides the migration of monarch butterflies. According to an Associated Press Science report, “Antenna sensors turn out to be key to Monarch butterflies finding their way to Mexico.” |
| Where the Monarchs Hang in Mexico by Silvia Uribe – Santa Barbara Independent 9/27/09 |
Here in Goleta, as most know, we have a monarch sanctuary, officially known as the Coronado Butterfly Preserve, on the Ellwood Mesa, close to the bluffs. |
| Butterfly antennas key to navigating in migration by RANDOLPH E. SCHMID – AP 9/24/09 |
Millions of Monarch butterflies migrate to Mexico for the winter and scientists have long speculated on how the insects find their way. Turns out, their antennas are the key. How do we know? Well, researchers painted butterfly antennas black, and the insects got lost |
| Monarch migration underway by Theresa Friday - Santa Rosa Gazette September 29, 2009 |
Every fall, a magical event takes place in the animal world. A small, yet amazing, creature may be traveling over your own head right now or visiting your backyard on a mystical journey home. The annual monarch butterfly migration to Mexico is underway |
| UGA researcher discovers change in butterfly ratios by JUSTIN CREWS – redandblack.com 9/30/09 |
Andy Davis – a doctoral candidate in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources – discovered that female to male ratios for Monarch butterflies east of the Rocky Mountains have been gradually changing in favor of the males. |
| British butterfly’s comeback gives hope for threatened species – University of York News and Events 25 February 2009 |
New research shows the importance of habitat conservation in helping threatened species to survive environmental change. |
| Young Butterflies Trick Ants Into Raising Them - Discovery Channel Feb. 4, 2009 |
Flitting across your yard, butterflies seem friendly and harmless. But at least one type has learned to raise its young as parasites, tricking ants into feeding it and giving special treatment. |
| It’s In His Smell: Female Moths Can Discern Male’s Ancestry, Age And Possibly Reproductive Fitness From His Smell – ScienceDaily Mar. 9, 2009 |
A female moth selects a mate based on the scent of his pheromones. |
| Butterflies Across Europe Face Crisis As Climate Change Looms – ScienceDaily Jan. 28, 2009 |
Climate change will cause Europe to lose much of its biodiversity as projected by a comprehensive study on future butterfly distribution. |
| British Butterfly Reveals Role Of Habitat For Species Responding To Climate Change – ScienceDaily Mar. 9, 2009 |
Most wild species are expected to colonise northwards as the climate warms, but how are they going to get there when so many landscapes are covered in wheat fields and other crops? |
| Natural Solar Collectors On Butterfly Wings Inspire More Powerful Solar Cells – ScienceDaily Feb. 5, 2009 |
The discovery that butterfly wings have scales that act as tiny solar collectors has led scientists in China and Japan to design a more efficient solar cell that could be used for powering homes, businesses, and other applications in the future. |
| Butterfly Found To Be New Species, Because Of Its Mustache – ScienceDaily Mar. 2, 2009 |
A new butterfly species from the dry Magdalena valleys of Colombia has been discovered among the three million butterfly specimens at the Natural History Museum in London by a butterfly curator. |
| Hind Wings Help Butterflies Make Swift Turns To Evade Predators, Study Finds – ScienceDaily Jan 12 2009 |
New tires allow race cars to take tight turns at high speeds. Hind wings give moths and butterflies similar advantages: They are not necessary for basic flight but help these creatures take tight turns to evade predators. |
| Can Moths Or Butterflies Remember What They Learned As Caterpillars? – ScienceDaily Mar. 8, 2008 |
Scientists at Georgetown University recently discovered that a moth can indeed remember what it learned as a caterpillar. |
| Pigmentation In Some Butterfly Wings Created By Nanostructures – ScienceDaily January 22, 2008 |
Nowhere in nature is there so much beautiful colour as on the wings of butterflies. Scientists, however, are still baffled about exactly how these colours are created. |
| Distribution Of A Species Of Butterfly Predicted Using Geometric Variables – ScienceDaily July 18, 2008 |
Biologists have recently explored the distribution of the butterfly Iolana iolas, one of the endangered species in the Madrid region whose population dynamics are determined by its host plant. |
| Web-spinning Spiders And ‘Wannabe Butterflies’ Head To Space Shuttle – ScienceDaily November 11, 2008 |
The experiment will chart the life cycle of butterflies in the low gravity of space — from larvae to pupa to butterfly to egg — and compare it with that of earthbound butterflies |
| Masters Of Disguise: Secrets Of Nature’s ‘Great Pretenders’ Revealed – ScienceDaily Feb. 26, 2008 |
The mocker swallowtail butterfly, Papilio dardanus, is unusual because it emerges from its chrysalis with one of a large number of different possible wing patterns and colors. |
| Mutualism by Natural Selection: Imitation is Not Just Flattery for Amazon Butterfly Species - ScienceDaily Dec. 8, 2008 |
A new article considers an aspect of the natural world that, like survival of the fittest individual, is explained by natural selection: namely, mutualism — an interaction between species that has benefits for both. |
| Brown Argus Butterfly Sees Positive Effects of Climate Change – ScienceDaily June 9, 2008 |
Global warming is generally thought to have a negative affect on the habitats of many animals and plants. Not for the Brown Argus butterfly, however. This insect seems to be bucking the trend and expanding its numbers quicker and more effectively, according to new research. |
| Molecular Basis Of Monarch Butterfly Migration Discovered – ScienceDaily Jan. 9, 2008 |
Over the past two decades, scientists have begun to unveil the journey for what it is: a spectacular result of biology, driven by an intricate molecular mechanism in a tiny cluster of cells in the butterfly brain. |
| To Elude Bats, A Moth Keeps Its Hearing In Tune - ScienceDaily Dec. 30, 2006 |
Dr James Windmill from the University of Bristol, UK, has shown how the Yellow Underwing moth changes its sensitivity to a bat’s calls when the moth is being chased. |
| Microsurgery And Super Glue Show How Antennae Aid Moth Navigation – ScienceDaily Feb. 27, 2007 |
Two-winged insects such as houseflies and mosquitoes that are active during the light of day rely on their vision for flight control, but they also get help from organs called halteres, which grow where a second set of wings might otherwise be found and aid in navigation. |
| Moths Mimic Sounds To Survive - ScienceDaily May 30, 2007 |
This is the first study to definitively show how an animal species uses acoustic mimicry as a defensive strategy. |
| Habitat Destruction May Wipe Out Monarch Butterfly Migration – ScienceDaily Apr. 5, 2008 |
Intense deforestation in Mexico could ruin one of North America’s most celebrated natural wonders — the mysterious 3,000-mile migration of the monarch butterfly. |
| High-flying Moths Don’t Just Go With The Flow - ScienceDaily Apr. 7, 2008 |
Enormous numbers of migratory moths that fly high above our heads throughout the night aren’t at the mercy of the winds that propel them toward their final destinations |
| Butterfly mimic gene revealed - Natural History Museum, London 20 February 2008 |
Scientists have identified a gene that gives a harmless African butterfly wing patterns like those of toxic species, helping it ward off predators. |
| Linnaeus’s Butterfly Type Specimens – Natural History Museum, London | This image database is intended primarily for taxonomists and other researchers, but the historical importance of the specimens portrayed is such that we hope they will attract a broader audience. |
| Butterfly hybrids by Dr B R Pitkin – Natural History Museum, London 31-Jan-2003 | Important Specimens for Systematics, Evolutionary and Developmental Biology |
| Highway shut for butterfly travel – BBC News March 24, 2007 | Taiwan is to close one lane of a major highway to protect more than a million butterflies, which cross the road on their seasonal migration. |
| Speedy butterfly evolution astonishes scientists - ABC News July 13, 2007 |
A team of international researchers has found that butterflies on a South Pacific island quickly developed genetic defences when they faced extinction from a parasitic bacteria. |
| Butterfly Evolves Leg Up on Male-Killing Parasite by Mason Inman – National Geographic News July 12, 2007 |
The continuing battle between a butterfly and the bacteria that nearly wiped out all the insect species’ males has taken a sudden and unexpected turn. |
| Pollinating Wyoming by Hannah Wiest – Casper Star Tribune May 25, 2007 | Three monarch butterfly way stations were constructed at the Trails Center in Casper, Wyoming |
| Butterfly Speciation Event Recreated June 16, 2006 | We recreated the evolutionary steps that may have given rise to Heliconius heurippa, a hybrid butterfly species, in the lab,” explains Jesus Mavarez, Molecular Evolution Fellow at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. |
| Cybernose: smell like a butterfly, sniff like a bee by Frank Smith – decanter.com July 21, 2006 |
Australian scientists are trying to harness the odour receptors of insect antennae to develop a ‘cybernose’ to detect aromas in the minutest concentrations. |
| Gene needed for butterfly transformation also key for insects like grasshoppers by Vince Stricherz - University of Washington News April 6, 2006 |
It is a marvel of nature that a creature such as a caterpillar changes into something quite different, a butterfly. Contrast that with a grasshopper, which looks largely the same from the time it hatches through its adult stage. |
| Butterflies Beat Humans to Photonic Crystals by Larry O’Hanlon – Discovery News Nov. 18, 2005 |
African swallowtail butterflies have been found using what was thought to be exclusively human advanced technology: high-efficiency photonic crystals like those of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs. |
| Scientists Create Butterfly Hybrid by Ker Than - FoxNews.com June 16 2006 |
Researchers have created a hybrid butterfly whose genes and color are blends of two other species. |
| Glowing Butterflies Shine With Natural LEDs by John Roach – National Geographic News 11/17/05 |
For 30 million years African swallowtail butterflies have dazzled their mates with glowing splashes of color on their wings (see photo). And the process they use to control the flow of light in their wings is strikingly similar to a technology that humans only recently developed, physicists report. |
| Two Butterfly Species Evolved Into Third, Study Finds by James Owen – National Geographic News 6/14/06 |
New research shows the insect was originally created from two different butterflies in an evolutionary process many biologists didn’t think possible. |
| UMMS researcher describes new insights into the migration of butterflies in Neuron – Univ of Mass Medical School News 5/5/05 |
In this new work published in the May 5 issue of the journal Neuron, Dr. Reppert and his team discovered that ultraviolet photoreceptors dominate the part of the monarch eye that specializes in polarized light detection. |
| Amino Acids In Nectar Enhance Butterfly Fecundity: A Long Awaited Link – Science Daily 2/23/05 |
The fascinating interactions between flowers and their pollinators have resulted in a spectacular diversity of plants. In order to entice pollinators such as bees, flies or butterflies to visit and successfully pollinate their flowers, plants have evolved intriguing mechanisms and attractants, of which nectar is best known. |
| Emory Study Finds Monarch Health Tied To Migration – Science Daily 3/11/05 |
Monarch butterflies in eastern North America have one of the longest migrations of any species, with a survival-of-the-fittest trek that can take them thousands of miles from Canada to Central Mexico. A new Emory University study has found that these journeys may be the key to maintaining healthy monarch populations at a time when habitat loss and other environmental issues could curb the ability of the butterflies to make the trip. |
| Expanding Forests Darken The Outlook For Butterflies, Study Shows – Science Daily 7/21/05 |
Changing environmental conditions in the Canadian Rockies are stifling the mating choices of butterflies in the region, say University of Alberta researchers. |
| Female butterflies go for sparkle — not size — when choosing to mate – Science Daily 6/29/05 |
Size doesn’t matter, at least not the size of the eyespots on a male butterfly’s wings when female butterflies consider potential mates. |
| Study Reveals Evolution on the Butterfly Wing - Hypography 7/13/04 |
A butterfly’s wing is a uniquely visual exhibition of the machinery of evolution |
| The Life Cycle of a Butterfly - Taina’s Butterfly Page |
As carefree as the butterfly may seem, its life is preoccupied by the purpose of reproduction. |
| Shoot the Poop – Science News for Kids 3/7/2003 | Some caterpillars get rid of their waste with ballistic force. |
| Raising Caterpillars – Science News for Kids |
Any caterpillar or larva you find in the field will grow into a butterfly or moth. |
| Inspired by Nature by Emily Sohn – Science News for Kids 11/3/2004 | Researchers are applying lessons learned from butterflies, beetles, mussels, and other creatures to problems of human survival. |
| Butterfly Wings and Waterproof Coats – Science News for Kids 3/5/2003 | Scientists have long been trying to make materials that effectively repel water. But some plants and animals have already solved the problem. When rain falls on certain butterflies’ wings, for example, the water forms into beads that roll right off, carrying dirt away in the process. |
| New Green Eyes: First butterfly that’s genetically modified by Susan Milius – Science News Online 3/13/2004 |
Scientists have for the first time genetically engineered a butterfly, inserting a jellyfish gene into an African butterfly so that its eyes fluoresce green. |
| Inestimable Numbers of Monarchs Die in Mexico by Naomi Mathews – Suite101.com |
Results of an unusually severe winter storm in overwintering grounds in Mexico |
| Butterflies Take a Winter Break – Australian Broadcasting Corp | The behavior of Common Crow Butterflies during the winter season |
| Invertebrates Up Close - Australian Museum Online |
The biodiversity of Australia |
| Life Stages of the Gulf Fritillary Butterfly by Eric Isley |
EXCELLENT photo essay of the life cycle of this fascinating butterfly |
| Life Stages of the Hackberry Butterfly by Eric Isley |
EXCELLENT photo essay of the life cycle of this fascinating butterfly |
| Admirals: Colorful Mimics by Claire Hagen Dole - Butterfly Gardeners’ Quarterly Fall 1998 |
White Admiral, Red-spotted Purple, Viceroy, Lorquin’s Admiral: plants, mimicry, behavior |
| Zinnias: Colorful, Butterfly-Approved by Claire Hagen Dole – Butterfly Gardeners’ Quarterly Winter 99-00 |
Zinnias are a natural for the butterfly garden, attracting many butterflies through their long blooming season. |
| Why are Moths Attracted to Light? by Dr. James K. Adams – Amateur Entomologist |
In studies done on the sensitivity of moth optical neurons to light, they have an extremely low threshold, meaning that even very low levels of light will allow the moths to “see”. Not see necessarily sharply, but undoubtedly enough to avoid large (dark) objects. |
| Life Cycle of the Golden Birdwing Butterfly by S. Subinprasert – Butterflies in Thailand |
Beautiful collection of photos |
| Insect Coloration and Implications for Conservation by Tonya Van Hook – Forida Entomologist |
Implications of conspicuous coloration |
| Butterflies and Moths by Jeroen Voogd | Extensive biological writing; numerous photographs |
| Caterpillar to Butterfly - Science Museum of Minnesota |
Life cycle illustrations for very young children |
| Where Do Butterflies Come From? – Scotia-Glenville Children’s Museum | An explanation for kids, with an great activity for youngsters. |
| Strategies for Survival by Simon Coombes - Captain’s European Butterfly Guide |
Insect survival strategies |
| How Bright is a Butterfly by Susan Milius - Science News Online Apr 11, 1998 |
Investigators have taken a look at butterfly brain power and how it affects pollination, investigating such questions as whether butterflies can learn to associate a certain flower color with a first-rate nectar supply and whether their sipping techniques improve with practice. |
| Red Admiral & Painted Lady Website by Royce J. Bitzer, Ph.D. – Department of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State Univ |
This is a web site to coordinate observations of territorial behavior, migration, life history, population studies, seasonal variations in abundance and body size, and number of broods per year (voltinism) of butterflies in the genus Vanessa. |
| The Metamorphosis of a Swallowtail by Mario Maier – European Butterflies |
Amazing pictures of the metamorphosis of the swallowtail butterfly |
| Wings Over Michigan – Monarchs by Heather Slayton |
Monarch facts and pictures |
| The Role of Light in Butterfly Mating by Provided by Don Davis – The Discovery Channel |
What mechanisms facilitate the mating of butterflies? |
| Cecropia Moth Life Cycle by Pete Honl | Complete life cycle; extensive pictures; excellent |
| The Butterfly Life Cycle by Diane P. Mikkelson | Excellent life cycle explanation, with good illustrations |
| The Development of Insect Flight – Hooper Virtual Palaeontological Museum | What did insects come from? How insects fly. The evolution of flight |
| Insect Biology and Ecology: a Primer – Cornell University | Anatomy, reproduction, metamorphosis, classificiation, identification, ecology |
| Butterflies and Their Larval Foodplants by Peter J. Bryant – Dept of Developmental and Cell Biology, Univ of California, Irvine |
An excellent to butterflies and the larval host plants, with many pictures of both; emphasis on Orange County, CA |
| Karner Blue Butterfly – US Fish and Wildlife Service March 94 |
The Karner blue butterfly is an endangered species. |
| Stinging Caterpillars by Ric Bessin – University of Kentucky, Dept of Entomology | Only a few people realize, usually from first hand experience, that handling some caterpillars can produce some painful results. |
| The Pherolist by Arn, Toth, and Priesner - Swedish Agricultural University |
A database on sex pheromones of female moths |
| Life Cycle of the Luna or Moon Moth by Hiltrud Masuch Webber |
Life cycle of this beautiful moth |
| Nectar Plants and Their Visitors by Hiltrud Masuch Webber |
Excellent pictures of nectar plants and butterflies |
| Butterfly Gardening by Vera Krischik – University of Minnesota Extension Service | Describes how to expand the habitat for butterflies by choosing appropriate plants for home landscapes. The 21 pages provide numerous line drawings and color photos to aid the gardener in identifying many desirable butterflies and moths |
| The Catalpa Sphinx by L.L. Hyche, Associate Professor – Department of Entomology, Auburn University March 1994 |
The common hawk or sphinx moth, its life stages, distribution, and habits |
| Monarch Butterfly Lifecycle - The Wildlife Preservation Trust International |
Article with good pictures of life cycle, migration |
| Cecropia Moth Life Cycle by Pete Honl – Cecropia Moth WebSite | Excellent pictures and descriptions of North America’s largest moth |
| Painted Lady Life Cycle – Kimball School, Antioch, CA |
Good illustrated guide for kids |
| Butterfly Basics – The Field Museum, Chicago |
Butterflies vs. moths; life cycle; amazing bodies; camouflage and mimicry; conservation |
| Butterfly and Moth Life Cycle - The Field Museum, Chicago |
Illustrated article on life cycle |
| Butterfly Habitats – The Field Museum, Chicago |
Excellent article on the influence of habitat on butterfly distributions |
| Monarch Butterfly – Point Lobos (CA) State Park |
Description of monarch migration, mating, life cycle, places to see in CA |
| Insect Life History by Louis F. WiIson – Michigan Entomological Society |
Life cycles of various insects, including moths and butterflies |
| Collecting Giant Silkmoths by Louis F. WiIson - Michigan Entomological Society |
The Saturniids or giant silkmoths are among the largest and most spectacular of American moths and favorites of collectors |
| Butterfly and Moth Life Cycles - Monarch Watch |
Excellent description of life cycle, with many pictures |
| Butterflies and Butterfly Gardening in West Virginia by Norma Jean Venable – West Virginia University Extension Service |
Excellent article on butterfly biology, life cycle, plant requirements, and butterfly gardens |
| Caterpillars – Virginia Cooperative Extension |
Caterpillars which defolioate trees and shrubs (Virginia) |
| Mating Strategies in Butterflies by Ronald L. Rutowski – Scientific American July 1998 |
Butterflies meet, woo and win their mates using seductive signals and clever strategies honed by evolution |
| The City Naturalist – Monarch Butterfly by Leslie Day – 79th Street Boat Basin Flora and Fauna Society |
Monarch life cycle, migration. GREAT pictures |
| Butterfly Basics – Field Museum of Natural History |
Butterflies vs. moths, life cycle, camouflage and mimicry, conservation |
| It’s Amazing How Close You Can Get to a Butterfly by Kent Koerner – Indiana State University Life Sciences Dept. Nov 2, 1995 |
Observing monarch butterflies |
| Butterfly Life Cycle | Life cycle pictures, diagrams |
| Iridescence in Butterflies and Moths by Dr. Pete Vukusic et al – University of Exeter 1998 |
Investigations into structural colour at the Thin Film Photonics Group |